環(huán)境科學(xué)Environmental Sciences

Maximizing US nitrate removal through wetland protection and restoration
通過保護(hù)和恢復(fù)濕地來最大程度地去除硝酸鹽

▲ 作者：F. Y. Cheng, K. J. Van Meter, D. K. Byrnes & N. B. Basu
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03042-5

▲ 摘要
人口增長(zhǎng)和農(nóng)業(yè)集約化導(dǎo)致了河流氮負(fù)荷的增加，沿海地區(qū)廣泛的河流氮含量和藻華發(fā)生率的增加。

本文利用國(guó)家濕地調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)和5公里網(wǎng)格尺度的氮輸入和輸出估計(jì)表明，美國(guó)濕地當(dāng)前的氮減少（約860±160千噸氮/年）受到高密度濕地和氮熱點(diǎn)之間的空間脫節(jié)的限制。

我們的模型表明，美國(guó)濕地面積的空間目標(biāo)增加10%（510萬公頃）將使?jié)竦氐娜コ吭黾右槐?。這一增長(zhǎng)將使諸如密西西比河流域等受硝酸鹽影響的流域的氮負(fù)荷估計(jì)減少54%。

▲ Abstract
Growing populations and agricultural intensification have led to raised riverine nitrogen (N) loads, widespread oxygen depletion in coastal zones (coastal hypoxia) and increases in the incidence of algal blooms. Here we use National Wetland Inventory data and 5-kilometre grid-scale estimates of N inputs and outputs to demonstrate that current N removal by US wetlands (about 860 ± 160 kilotonnes of nitrogen per year) is limited by a spatial disconnect between high-density wetland areas and N hotspots. Our model simulations suggest that a spatially targeted increase in US wetland area by 10 per cent (5.1 million hectares) would double wetland N removal. This increase would provide an estimated 54 per cent decrease in N loading in nitrate-affected watersheds such as the Mississippi River Basin.

材料科學(xué)Material Science

Xolography for linear volumetric 3D printing
X線照相體積光固化3D打印技術(shù)

▲ 作者：Martin Regehly, Yves Garmshausen, Marcus Reuter, Niklas F. K?nig, et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3029-7

▲ 摘要
增材制造的應(yīng)用范圍正在迅速擴(kuò)大，包括運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋部件、牙科陶瓷和航空航天部件的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，以及微流體、醫(yī)療設(shè)備和人工器官的制造。立體3D打印是連續(xù)增材制造方法的下一步。

在此，我們向大家介紹X線照相體積3D打印，一種使用可以光轉(zhuǎn)換的光引發(fā)劑，通過相交不同波長(zhǎng)的光束進(jìn)行線性激發(fā)，誘導(dǎo)特定的單體體積內(nèi)局部聚合的雙光技術(shù)。

我們用一臺(tái)體積打印機(jī)演示了這一概念，該打印機(jī)可以生成具有復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)特征以及機(jī)械和光學(xué)功能的三維物體。與最先進(jìn)的體積打印方法相比，該技術(shù)的分辨率約為無反饋優(yōu)化的計(jì)算軸向光刻的10倍，體積產(chǎn)生速率比雙光子光聚合3D打印技術(shù)高4 - 5個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。

▲ Abstract
The range of applications for additive manufacturing is expanding quickly, including mass production of athletic footwear parts, dental ceramics and aerospace components as well as fabrication of microfluidics, medical devices, and artificial organs. Volumetric 3D printing is the next step onward from sequential additive manufacturing methods. Here we introduce xolography, a dual colour technique using photoswitchable photoinitiators to induce local polymerization inside a confined monomer volume upon linear excitation by intersecting light beams of different wavelengths. We demonstrate this concept with a volumetric printer designed to generate three-dimensional objects with complex structural features as well as mechanical and optical functions. Compared to state-of-the-art volumetric printing methods, our technique has a resolution about ten times higher than computed axial lithography without feedback optimization, and a volume generation rate four to five orders of magnitude higher than two-photon photopolymerization.

Strongly correlated Chern insulators in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene

魔角扭曲雙層石墨烯中的強(qiáng)相關(guān)Chern絕緣子

▲ 作者：Kevin P. Nuckolls, Myungchul Oh, Dillon Wong, Biao Lian, Kenji Watanabe
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3028-8

▲ 摘要
在魔角扭曲雙層石墨烯（MATBG）中發(fā)現(xiàn)具有拓?fù)涮卣鞯谋馄诫娮訋?，為尋找?qiáng)相關(guān)的拓?fù)湎鄤?chuàng)造契機(jī)。

在此，我們過掃描隧道電子顯微鏡中引入局部光譜表征技術(shù)，發(fā)現(xiàn)在MATBG材料中Chern number為C=±1, ±2, ±3時(shí)，分別在單位晶格中形成填充因子為±3, ±2, ±1表現(xiàn)的一系列拓?fù)浣^緣態(tài)，并且這種拓?fù)湎嗤ㄟ^強(qiáng)度適中的磁場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定。

這里檢測(cè)到的一個(gè)相（C = +1）是此前觀察到的，當(dāng)六方氮化硼襯底故意打破MATBG的亞晶格對(duì)稱性時(shí)，相互作用具有次要作用。我們證明，僅強(qiáng)的電子-電子相互作用不僅可以產(chǎn)生先前觀察到的相，而且還可以在MATBG中產(chǎn)生未預(yù)料的Chern絕緣相。

▲ Abstract
The discovery of flat electronic bands with topological character in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) has created a unique opportunity to search for strongly correlated topological phases. Here we introduce a local spectroscopic technique using a scanning tunnelling microscope to detect a sequence of topological insulators in MATBG with Chern numbers C = ±1, ±2 and ±3, which form near filling factors of ±3, ±2 and ±1 electrons per moiré unit cell, respectively, and are stabilized by modest magnetic fields. One of the phases detected here (C = +1) was previously observed when the sublattice symmetry of MATBG was intentionally broken by a hexagonal boron nitride substrate, with interactions having a secondary role. We demonstrate that strong electron–electron interactions alone can produce not only the previously observed phase, but also other unexpected Chern insulating phases in MATBG.

物理學(xué)Physics

Plasmonic topological quasiparticle on the nanometre and femtosecond scales
納米級(jí)和飛秒級(jí)的等離子拓?fù)錅?zhǔn)粒子

▲ 作者：Yanan Dai, Zhikang Zhou, Atreyie Ghosh, Roger S. K. Mong, et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3030-1

▲ 摘要
在經(jīng)典物理學(xué)和量子物理學(xué)的層面，麥克斯韋和薛定諤方程描述了光場(chǎng)如何驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制電子現(xiàn)象，以使光波電子在太赫茲或千赫頻率和超小尺度成為可能。撞擊金屬的光電場(chǎng)與電子相互作用，在一秒的時(shí)間尺度上產(chǎn)生光物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)粒子，如激子或等離子體激子。

在此，我們?cè)诮Y(jié)構(gòu)銀膜中創(chuàng)建并成像一個(gè)具有拓?fù)涞入x子體自旋結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)粒子。這些自旋織構(gòu)位于光的半波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)，并且存在于等離子體場(chǎng)的時(shí)間尺度上。

我們使用超快非線性相干光電子顯微鏡生成了渦旋場(chǎng)空間演化的阿秒影像；電磁模擬和解析理論證實(shí)了等離子體梅隆準(zhǔn)粒子的存在。準(zhǔn)粒子形成手性場(chǎng)，在納米空間尺度和20飛秒（納米飛秒尺度）上打破了時(shí)間反轉(zhuǎn)的對(duì)稱性。

▲ Abstract
At the interface of classical and quantum physics, the Maxwell and Schr?dinger equations describe how optical fields drive and control electronic phenomena to enable lightwave electronics at terahertz or petahertz frequencies and on ultrasmall scales. The electric field of light striking a metal interacts with electrons and generates light–matter quasiparticles, such as excitons or plasmons, on an attosecond timescale. Here we create and image a quasiparticle of topological plasmonic spin texture in a structured silver film. These spin textures are localized within a half-wavelength of light, and exist on the timescale of the plasmonic field. We use ultrafast nonlinear coherent photoelectron microscopy to generate attosecond videos of the spatial evolution of the vortex fields; electromagnetic simulations and analytic theory confirm the presence of plasmonic meron quasiparticles. The quasiparticles form a chiral field, which breaks the time-reversal symmetry on a nanometre spatial scale and a 20-femtosecond timescale (the ‘nano-femto scale’).

Superconducting qubit to optical photon transduction
超導(dǎo)量子位到光子的轉(zhuǎn)換

▲ 作者：Mohammad Mirhosseini, Alp Sipahigil, Mahmoud Kalaee & Oskar Painter
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3038-6

▲ 摘要
光電信號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換是全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)。這種轉(zhuǎn)換器用于擴(kuò)大長(zhǎng)途光纖通信系統(tǒng)的范圍，并用于數(shù)據(jù)中心內(nèi)計(jì)算機(jī)的高速光網(wǎng)絡(luò)。盡管量子網(wǎng)絡(luò)前景廣闊，但仍未實(shí)現(xiàn)利用超導(dǎo)量子位元在這種轉(zhuǎn)換過程中維持脆弱的量子態(tài)。

在此，我們演示了超導(dǎo)量子位跨頻激發(fā)到光子的微波頻率的轉(zhuǎn)換。

我們利用一個(gè)中間的納米機(jī)械諧振器，通過壓電相互作用將量子比特的電激勵(lì)轉(zhuǎn)化為單個(gè)聲子，然后通過輻射壓力將聲子轉(zhuǎn)化為光子。我們通過在光纖上探測(cè)發(fā)射光的單光子來記錄量子位元的量子拉比振蕩，從而證明從量子位元產(chǎn)生光子的過程。

▲ Abstract
Conversion of electrical and optical signals lies at the foundation of the global internet. Such converters are used to extend the reach of long-haul fibre-optic communication systems and within data centres for high-speed optical networking of computers. Despite the prospects of quantum networking, maintaining the fragile quantum state in such a conversion process with superconducting qubits has not yet been achieved. Here we demonstrate the conversion of a microwave-frequency excitation of a transmon—a type of superconducting qubit—into an optical photon. We achieve this by using an intermediary nanomechanical resonator that converts the electrical excitation of the qubit into a single phonon by means of a piezoelectric interaction and subsequently converts the phonon to an optical photon by means of radiation pressure. We demonstrate optical photon generation from the qubit by recording quantum Rabi oscillations of the qubit through single-photon detection of the emitted light over an optical fibre.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model
建立學(xué)習(xí)模型掌握Atari游戲、圍棋、國(guó)際象棋和將棋

▲ 作者：Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Thomas Hubert, Karen Simonyan, et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03051-4

▲ 摘要
構(gòu)建具有規(guī)劃能力的智能體一直是人工智能研究的主要挑戰(zhàn)之一。然而，在現(xiàn)實(shí)問題中，控制環(huán)境的動(dòng)態(tài)往往是復(fù)雜和未知的。

在此，我們提出MuZero算法。該算法通過將基于樹的搜索與一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)模型相結(jié)合，在一系列具有挑戰(zhàn)性和視覺上復(fù)雜的領(lǐng)域中實(shí)現(xiàn)了超人的性能，而不需要了解它們的底層動(dòng)力學(xué)。

MuZero算法學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)可迭代的模型，該模型產(chǎn)生與計(jì)劃相關(guān)的預(yù)測(cè)：行動(dòng)選擇策略、價(jià)值函數(shù)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。我們?cè)?7個(gè)不同的Atari游戲上進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí)，MuZero算法實(shí)現(xiàn)了最先進(jìn)的性能。

▲ Abstract
Constructing agents with planning capabilities has long been one of the main challenges in the pursuit of artificial intelligence. However, in real-world problems, the dynamics governing the environment are often complex and unknown. Here we present the MuZero algorithm, which, by combining a tree-based search with a learned model, achieves superhuman performance in a range of challenging and visually complex domains, without any knowledge of their underlying dynamics. The MuZero algorithm learns an iterable model that produces predictions relevant to planning: the action-selection policy, the value function and the reward. When evaluated on 57 different Atari games—the canonical video game environment for testing artificial intelligence techniques, in which model-based planning approaches have historically struggled—the MuZero algorithm achieved state-of-the-art performance.

文章參考 科學(xué)網(wǎng)； 翻譯 | 李言；編輯｜宗華